Hello dear philosophers,
I am back! Today I want to explain you my new objectives for the blog. First of all I would like to give you a bunch of definitions of a new unit. This unit talks about a very interesting topic, metaphysics and Gnoseology. Here I leave you with the definitions. Thank you and see you soon!
Methaphysics= is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of existence, being and the world.
Ontology= is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence or reality as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
Epistemology= is the study of the nature and scope (alcance) of knowledge and justified belief.
Realism= is the belief that our reality, or some aspect of it is ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes, linguistic practices, beliefs, etc. Reality is what you perceive + experience (culture).
Idealism= is the attitude that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind, in comparison with the world as perceived through the senses. The reality that you perceive from your senses is not true. They only trust their thoughts/ideas as a reality, only one reality, all in the mind.
Creationism= is the belief that that humans, life, the Earth and the Universe were created by a supreme being or deity's supernatural intervention.
Materialist metaphysics/materialism= holds that the only thing that exists is matter or energy; that all things are composed of material and all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of material interactions. All material.
Dualist metaphysics/dualism= is a set of beliefs that begins with the claim that the mental and the physical have a fundamentally different nature. (Material+immaterial) the world is composed by these two concepts.
Spiritual metaphysics/spiritualism= they hold that matter does not exist, and reality is made up of immaterial beings. They deny the existence of matter.
Monism= the metaphysical and theological view that there is only one principle, essence, substance or energy. (🚫dualism/pluralism)
Pluralism= it distinguishes a position where one believes there to be ultimately many kinds of substances in the world.
Determinism= the philosophical proposition that every event, including human cognition, decision and action, is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences ▶️ FATE and FATALISM.
Indeterminism= is the concept that events (certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused, or not caused deterministically (eg. Casuality) by prior events.
Fatalism= a philosophical doctrine stressing the subjugation of all events or actions to fate.
Rationalism= a theory or method based on the thesis that human reason can in principle be the source of all knowledge. Deductive method. Universal and necessary truths. Important philosophers: Parmenides, Plato, Descartes, Spinoza. Connected with IDEALISM.
Empiricism= the doctrine that all knowledge ultimately comes from experience denying the notion of innate ideas or a priori knowledge about the world. Mind: blank paper filled with data from the sensutive experience. Inductive method. Important philosophers: Aristotle, Locke, Hume, Comte, Neopositivipt philosophers. Connected with REALISM.
Innoticism= a doctrine that holds that the mind is born with ideas or knowledge and that therefore the mind is not a "blank slate" at birth, as empiricists claimed. It asserts that not all knowledge is gained from experience and the senses.
Dogmatism= it claims the human knowledge is unlimited and it is possible to know the reality of the hole whole. Underestimates the relativity of knowledge and lays claim to knowledge of absolute, universal and doubtless truths through REASON. Dogmatic attitude: the truth cannot be questioned--> fanatism.
"ARGUMENTUM AR VERECUNDIAM" or "AUTHORITATIVE ARGUMENT"= is a special type of inductive reasoning argument which argues that something is an absolute truth because it has been confirmed by an authority you can trust. We are referring to the Bible, the church, Aristotle and Plato. Related with dogmatism.
Criticism: is a philosophical theory that asserts that we must first judge how human reason works and within that limits we will be able to correctly apply to the experience.
Relativism= is the concept that points of view have no absolute truth or validity, having all the relative, subjective value according to differences in perception and consideration. Protagoras was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the profesional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement "man is the mesure of all things". Truth is subjective and parcial.
Scepticism= is a position that refrains from making truth claims. It defends that it is not possible to know if universal truths exists. Moreover, although it existed, it could be impossible to understand it.
Agnosticism= is the view that claims that the truth of certain facts is unknown and unknowable specially related to God.
Aristotle: He claimed that we live in a society to supply our basic needs and to be safe. Men is by nature a social animal because those people who are unsociable naturally for Aristotle they are animals, beasts, and those people who are self-sufficient are considered Gods. He also said that our ultimate objective in society should be developing our human capacities abilities and reach happiness. 
